Extremism - adherence to extreme views and, especially, to measures (usually in politics). Terrorism - ideology of violence and practice of influencing decision-making by state authorities, local government organizations or international organizations, related to intimidation by violence and (or) other forms of unlawful violent actions.

Terrorism - violent actions (harassment, destruction, hostage-taking, murder, etc.) against the civilian population, not the military, in order to intimidate, suppress the will of opponents, competitors, impose a certain line of behavior.

Factors contributing to involvement in terrorist and extremist activities.

Involvement in terrorist activities is similar to drug addiction in terms of the mechanisms of its impact on a person. The ideology of violence is introduced into human consciousness under the influence of extremist views and theories, ideological and political attitudes of terrorist ideologists.

Let us note individual qualities that can contribute to a person's involvement in terrorist activities:

- Lack of a clearly articulated goal in life;

- positive attitude to the use of drugs and alcohol;

- having contradictory values, views and attitudes;

- aggressive behavior to satisfy their desire to influence other people;

- desire to maintain power over others by humiliating them;

- getting pleasure from the consequences of violence, humiliation, terrorist attacks.

These qualities are a favorable environment for extremist views and justification of violent ideology.

Extremist activity (extremism) is:

violent change of the foundations of the constitutional order and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation;

public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities;

incitement of social, racial, national or religious discord; propaganda of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the grounds of his or her social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;

violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and citizen on the basis of his or her social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;

Obstruction of citizens' exercise of their electoral rights and the right to participate in the referendum or violation of the secrecy of the vote, combined with violence or threat of violence;

Obstruction of the lawful activities of State bodies, local authorities, electoral commissions, voluntary and religious associations or other organizations, combined with violence or the threat of violence;

Committing crimes on the grounds specified in paragraph "f" of part one of article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation;

Propaganda and public display of Nazi attributes or symbols or attributes or symbols that are confusingly similar to Nazi attributes or symbols;

Public calls for the realization of the aforementioned acts or mass distribution of knowingly extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for the purpose of mass distribution;

Public knowingly false accusation of a person holding a public office of the Russian Federation or a public office of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation of committing, during the performance of his or her official duties, acts specified in this Article that constitute a crime;

Organization and preparation of the said acts, as well as incitement to their implementation;

financing of the said acts or other assistance in their organization, preparation and implementation, including by providing training, printing, material and technical resources, telephone and other types of communication or information services.

The following can be attributed to the causes of extremism:

-this is a large property stratification of the population it leads to the fact that society ceases to function as an integral organism united by common goals, ideas, values.

-This is an increase in social tension.

-This is a decrease in the ideological component in the educational process, which has led to the loss of moral values.

-The lack of clear ideas about the history and prospects of the country's development, the loss of a sense of belonging and responsibility for the fate of the motherland.

The social base of extremist groups consists of people who have not been able to adapt to new living conditions. Young people who are not able to think critically about the content of publications in the media, due to their lack of life experience, are the most susceptible to this influence. This is a very good environment for extremist groups. Most youth extremist groups are informal in nature. A number of their members have a vague idea of the ideological background of extremist movements. Loud phraseology, external paraphernalia and other accessories, the opportunity to feel like a member of a kind of "secret society" that has the right to massacre persons undesirable to the group with impunity, all this attracts young people.

Extremism is a complex and heterogeneous form of expression of hatred and hostility.

The following types of extremism are distinguished: political, national and religious.

National extremism speaks under the slogans of protecting "its people", its economic interests and cultural values, as a rule, to the detriment of representatives of other nationalities living on the same territory.

Religious extremism is understood as intolerance towards dissenting representatives of the same or other religions. The problem of Islamic extremism has become more acute in recent years.

Political extremism refers to movements or currents against the existing constitutional order.

Manifestations of extremist activity

Terrorism is an extreme manifestation of extremism. It is a phenomenon associated with violence, threatening the life and health of citizens.

Nationalism is a form of social unity based on the idea of national superiority and national exclusivity.

Racism is a set of concepts based on the physical and mental inequality of human races and the decisive influence of racial differences on the history and culture of human society.

Fascism is an ideology and practice that asserts the superiority and exclusivity of a particular nation or race and is aimed at inciting national intolerance, discrimination, the use of violence and terrorism and the establishment of a cult of a leader.

Criminal liability for these offenses arises from the age of 16. The degree of criminal liability depends on the gravity of the crime - a fine from one hundred thousand rubles to imprisonment (from six months to life imprisonment).

There are several types of terrorism.

Ideological terrorism. The presence of two camps (the government and revolutionaries - terrorists dissatisfied with it).

Ethnic terrorism. Ethnic minorities see terrorism as the only way to make their demands known when full political participation in determining their fate is otherwise impossible.

Religious terrorism. Religious minorities or active vanguards who have learned the hostile influence of the authorities. The basis for belittling "infidels", representatives of another religion. The most extreme formulations are "the chosen ones", "the saved", "the damned". The classic examples of such terrorism are Zionist terrorism in Palestine and modern Islamic terrorism.

Criminal terrorism. Most often such terrorism is accompanied by demands of a semi-political nature. For example: provision of means of transportation to leave a certain area, release of prisoners, and so on. Examples: Bolshevik and anarchist raiders and robbers, ethnic mafias of the USA (Jewish, Sicilian and Chinese), taking banks by extremists, etc.

 

Tayfurova Sh.N- department of obstetrics and gynecology №2

translated Ismoilov R.

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